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Bolesław Bierut (; born Bolesław Rutkowski; 18 April 1892 – 12 March 1956; also known under assumed names Jerzy Bolesław Bielak and Bolesław Birkowski〔( Bolesław Bierut. Dane osoby z katalogu kierowniczych stanowisk partyjnych i państwowych PRL. ) Biuletyn Informacji Publicznej. Instytut Pamięci Narodowej, 2007. (Personal Data from the Catalogue of Party and Government Appointments in the People's Republic of Poland webpage at the Institute of National Remembrance, 2007) 〕) was a Polish Communist leader, NKVD agent, and a hard-line Stalinist who became President of Poland after the Soviet takeover of the country in the aftermath of . ==Life== Bierut was born Bolesław Rutkowski in Rury Jezuickie, now a part of Lublin, to Wojciech Rutkowski, a village teacher, and his wife Maria (née Biernacka).〔 He later adopted the surname "Bierut" combining the first syllables of his parents' surnames. In 1918 he took courses at the Warsaw School of Economics. From 1924–30, he was in Moscow for training at the school of the Communist International.〔 In 1930–31, he was sent by the Comintern to Austria, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria.〔 In 1933 he became an agent of Soviet military intelligence, the GRU, and subsequently, was sentenced in Poland to 10 years in prison for "anti-state activities" (incarcerated between 1933–1938).〔 The pro-Soviet Communist Party of Poland was dissolved by Joseph Stalin in 1938. Bierut avoided being caught in the Great Purge, which led to the execution of many leaders of the Communist Party of Poland in the USSR. After an amnesty from the Polish government in 1938 Bierut settled down in Warsaw and worked as a bookkeeper in a cooperative. After the outbreak of World War II, Bierut fled to Eastern Poland (soon occupied by the Red Army) in order to avoid military service. Bierut spent part of the war in the USSR and was sent to head the new Polish Workers' Party in 1943. He functioned as head of the Provisional National Council, a quasi-parliament (''Krajowa Rada Narodowa''), created by the pro-Soviet and Moscow-based Union of Polish Patriots, from 1944 to 1947. Bierut played a leading role in the establishment of the Polish People's Republic. From 1947 to 1952, he served as President and then (after the abolition of the Presidency with the creation of the People's Republic of Poland) Prime Minister. He was also the first Secretary General of the ruling Polish United Workers Party from 1948 to 1956. Bierut oversaw the trials of many Polish wartime military leaders, such as General Stanisław Tatar and Brig. General Emil August Fieldorf, as well as 40 members of the Wolność i Niezawisłość (Freedom and Independence) organisation, various church officials, and many other opponents of the new regime including the "hero of Auschwitz", Witold Pilecki, condemned to death during secret trials. Bierut signed many of those death sentences. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Bolesław Bierut」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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